Analysis of reported animal abuse in Campo Magro, Paraná, Brazil / Análise de denúncias de maus-tratos aos animais no município de Campo Magro, Paraná

Animal abuse is a criminal offense in Brazil and can be dealt with by several government agencies, including municipal ones. Cases of animal abuse reported to the Department of Health Surveillance, of the Municipal Health Secretariat of Campo Magro, Paraná, Brazil, between March of 2019 and December of 2020 were analyzed to assess the most common forms of abuse and animals involved. A total of 140 complaints were received in this period; 132 were investigated, of which 81 were considered authentic. The most common form of abuse was neglect 64.2% (52/81). Cases of neglect were further classified into four types (although cases may be classified with more than one type), resulting in 106 classifications of neglect. Behavioral neglect was the most common form of neglect 33.9% (36/106). As more than one animal could be involved in each report, the 81 authentic cases involved a total of 471 animals. Dogs were the species most commonly affected 78.5% (370/471). The vast majority of animal abuse was perpetrated against adult animals. Statistically significant correlations were found between the sex and age of dogs and abuse and between species and the different forms of abuse for dogs and cats.(AU)

Os maus-tratos aos animais são considerados crime no Brasil e o atendimento desse tipo de ocorrência pode ser realizado por diferentes órgãos governamentais, incluindo os municipais. O presente trabalho analisa denúncias atendidas pelo Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde, da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campo Magro, Paraná, Brasil, entre março de 2019 e dezembro de 2020 e avalia os tipos mais comuns de maus-tratos a animais e os animais envolvidos. Um total de 140 denúncias foram recebidas e 132 foram fiscalizadas, destas, 81 foram consideradas procedentes. A forma mais prevalente de maus-tratos foi a negligência com 64,2% (52/81). Os casos de negligência foram classificados em quatro diferentes tipos (cada caso pode ser classificado em mais de um tipo de negligência). O tipo mais frequente foi a negligência comportamental com 33,9% (36/106). Como mais de um animal podia estar envolvido em cada caso de maus-tratos, os 81 casos procedentes contabilizaram 471 animais envolvidos. A espécie canina foi a mais afetada, sendo 78,5% (370/471). A maior parte dos casos de maus-tratos foram cometidos contra animais adultos. Correlações estatísticas significativas foram encontradas entre o sexo e faixa etária dos cães em relação à ocorrência de maus-tratos e, também, entre a espécie e os diferentes tipos de maus-tratos para cães e gatos.(AU)

Caracterización del delito de lesiones a mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica / Characterization of the crime of injuries against female victims of domestic violence

RESUMEN Introducción: la violencia contra la mujer incluye todo acto violento por razón de género, que produce o puede causar daño físico, sexual, psicológico o algún tipo de sufrimiento mediante amenazas, coerción o privaciones arbitrarias de su libertad. Objetivo: determinar los factores que incidieron en los delitos de lesiones contra la mujer como forma de violencia doméstica en la provincia de Pinar del Río. Material y métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y longitudinal con 236 lesionadas que fueron entrevistadas en el Departamento Provincial de Medicina Legal, por existir una denuncia por delito de lesiones en el marco de la familia durante el período 2017-2018. La información se obtuvo mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a las víctimas y la revisión de la base de datos estadística existente en el libro de control de la actividad pericial del mencionado departamento de Pinar del Río. Resultados: la mayoría de las víctimas tenían edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 35 años, y eran de la raza blanca y del municipio Pinar del Río. La relación con el victimario fue de pareja sexual, siendo el puñetazo el modus operandi y la conducta violenta el factor de riesgo más frecuente; se destacaron los celos como móvil del hecho. Predominaron el horario nocturno y las lesiones no graves sin necesidad de tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: la violencia doméstica constituye un problema de salud y social en la provincia pinareña, por lo que instituciones sociales, de salud y autoridades deben trabajar de conjunto para su prevención y reducción (AU).

Introduction: violence against women includes any violent act on the basis of gender, which causes or may cause physical, sexual, psychological or any other kind of suffering through threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of their freedom. Objective: to determine the factors that affected the crimes of injury against women as a form of domestic violence in the province of Pinar del Río. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive and longitudinal investigation was conducted with 236 injured women that were interviewed in the Provincial Department of Legal Medicine, because there was a complaint for crime of injuries within the family during the period 2017-2018. The information was obtained through the application of a survey of the victims and the review of the existing statistical database in the control book of the expert activity of the aforementioned department of Pinar del Río. Results: most of the victims were between the ages of 16 and 35, of the white race and from the municipality of Pinar del Río. The relationship with the victim was sexual partner, with the punch being the modus operandi and violent behavior the most frequent risk factor; jealousy stood out as mobile of the fact. Night hours and non-serious injuries without the need for medical treatment predominated. Conclusions: domestic violence is a health and social problem in the province of Pinar del Rio, so social and health institutions, and the authorities must work together to prevent and reduce violence (AU).

Violência, saúde e adoecimento dos corpos na comarca de Vila Rica, século XVIII / Violence, health and ailment of bodies in the parish of Vila Rica, eighteenth century

Resumo Estudos sobre violência no século XVIII abrangem especialmente questões relacionadas à justiça e à criminalidade, mas não à saúde. A pesquisa objetivou compreender como os corpos nas Minas Gerais setecentistas eram afetados por atos violentos. Foram investigados autos de devassas do termo de Vila Rica pertencentes ao acervo do Arquivo Histórico do Museu da Inconfidência. Os resultados mostraram crimes causados por motivos distintos e de tipologias diferentes, predominando os crimes contra o corpo, com consequentes lesões corporais provocadas predominantemente por objetos/instrumentos perfurocortantes. Os homens foram os mais acometidos, sendo a cabeça a principal região atingida. Atos criminosos e violentos, muito comuns nessa sociedade, interferiam na saúde e no adoecimento dos corpos.

Abstract Studies into violence in the eighteenth century tend to address questions related to justice and criminality, but not health. The aim of this study is to understand how, in eighteenth century Minas Gerais, Brazil, bodies were affected by violent acts. The investigation records from the parish of Vila Rica held at the historical archive of the Museu da Inconfidência were investigated. The results showed crimes of different kinds associated with a variety of motives, primarily crimes against the body, with the resulting bodily injuries being caused by sharp or pointed objects/instruments. There were more male victims than female, the head being the principal part of the body affected. Criminal and violent acts, very commonplace in this society, interfered in the health and disease processes of the bodies.

Cessation of dangerousness status: an analysis of 224 reports from the Instituto de Perícias Heitor Carrilho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objectives: To evaluate factors related to dangerousness cessation at the end of involuntary commitment based on an analysis of expert reports. In light of the current legal requirement of dangerousness cessation as a pre-requisite for prison or internment release of individuals subjected to the safety measure, we sought elements to reflect on the practice of expert examiners in charge of making this decision. Methods: The authors revised 224 expert psychiatric dangerousness cessation reports released 2011 through 2014 and collected data for a statistical analysis. Results: The following variables were associated with positive risk cessation assessments: no inadequate behavior (according to the assistant professionals), no productive psychotic symptoms, no negative symptoms, presence of insight, presence of a support network, and no psychoactive substance abuse. The following variables were associated with negative dangerousness cessation decisions: early onset of malfunction, lack of insight, negative attitudes, active signs of major mental illness, presence of impulsiveness, poor response to treatment, presence of plans lacking feasibility, exposure to destabilizing factors, lack of personal support, and presence of stress. Conclusions: In this study we were able to identify factors associated with dangerousness in a sample of expert reports. The knowledge of factors linked to a higher risk of recidivism in illegal activities or violent behavior is crucial for decision-making regarding the release of offenders after their legally established period of involuntary commitment.

À margem: uso de crack, desvio, criminalização e exclusão social - uma revisão narrativa / On the sidelines of society: crack use, deviation, criminalization and social exclusion - a narrative review

Resumo O artigo faz uma revisão narrativa da literatura científica visando identificar e discutir os contextos de vulnerabilidade e exclusão social que situam os usuários de crack e outras drogas à margem da norma social no contexto brasileiro e internacional. Lança-se mão de uma variedade de marcos teóricos de modo a integrar as áreas temática do uso de drogas, com ênfase no de crack e sua inter-relação com vulnerabilidade social, marginalidade, exclusão social e desvio. Inicialmente são discutidos aspectos gerais da pesquisa qualitativa em drogas. Em seguida são pontuadas questões acerca da exclusão e vulnerabilidade social dos usuários de crack, seguido das principais associações descritas na literatura sobre uso de drogas e envolvimento criminal. Por fim, o conceito de “margens do Estado” é discutido através do exemplo de situações vivenciadas pelos usuários de crack e outras drogas, como relatado pela literatura.

Abstract The article comprises a narrative review of the scientific literature, aiming to identify and discuss the contexts of vulnerability and social exclusion faced by users of crack cocaine and other substances who live on the sidelines of society in the Brazilian and international context. The paper summarizes insights from different theoretical frameworks, focusing on an integrated perspective of substance use and abuse, with an emphasis on the use of crack and its inter-relationships with social vulnerability, marginalization, social exclusion and deviation. In a first step, broad aspects of qualitative research on drugs are outlined. The subsequent section highlights issues associated with exclusion and social vulnerability of crack users, followed by an assessment of the main associations mentioned in the literature on drug use and criminal involvement. Finally, the concept of “sidelines of society” is discussed, as exemplified by situations and events experienced by users of crack and other substances, as mentioned in the literature.

Miedo al Delito, Victimización y Satisfacción con la Vida en México / Fear of Crime, Victimization, and Satisfaction with Live in Mexico

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar las relaciones existentes entre miedo al delito, victimización y satisfacción con la vida, en función del género. La muestra estuvo conformada por 7535 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.8 % mujeres y 50.2 % hombres) de entre 12 y 70 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública de México. A partir de un MANOVA factorial multivariante se observó que el miedo al delito, la victimización y las medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia se relacionaban con una pobre satisfacción con la vida. También se observó, respecto del sexo, que los hombres tenían mayor miedo al delito y realizaban más restricciones en su vida cotidiana. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas.

The aim of this study is to examine how fear of crime, victimization, and satisfaction with life are related and also differ according to gender. 7535 participants of both sexes (49.8% women and 50.2% men) aged from 12 to 70 years old were selected from a proportional stratified sample. The instrument applied was an adaptation of the National Survey of Victimization and Public Security of Mexico. A multivariate factorial MANOVA was carried out. Fear of crime, victimization, and measures of protection against delinquency appear as related to poor satisfaction with life. Regarding to gender, higher scores of men on fear of crime and on restrictions in their daily lives were observed. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed.

Hurto de automotores y estrategias contra el delito: una mirada desde la academia, el victimario y la Policía / Automobile theft and strategies against crime: a glance from the academy, the offender, and the Police / Roubo de veículos automotores e estratégias contra o crime: um olhada da academia, do vitimário e da Polícia

Se identifican las variables que deben abordarse en el estudio del hurto o robo de automotores y el diseño de estrategias contra este delito. Para tal propósito, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases científicas de datos, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a personas condenadas en Colombia por el delito de hurto de automotores y se contrastó con la evidencia empírica obtenida en diferentes análisis y trabajos de campo realizados por el OBSER-DIJIN. Se utilizó como marco teórico para el análisis la teoría de elección racional y la de la oportunidad. Como resultado, se identificaron once variables que intervienen en el fenómeno: a) rentabilidad, b) tecnología, c) facilidad de legalización, d) nivel organizativo de los delincuentes, e) seguridad, f) vigilancia informal, g) nodos de actividad, h) conducta espacial, i) penalidad, j) transnacionalidad y k) instrumentalización; se terminó por exponer una visión criminológica holística e integradora de los elementos vinculados al fenómeno, y la sugerencia de acciones de control surgidas del análisis multivariado del delito. Se concluye con recomendaciones que pueden ser usadas en la política criminal, en países o territorios con afectación de este tipo de criminalidad.

As variáveis que devem abordar-se no estudo do furto ou roubo de veículos automotores e o projeto das estratégias contra a este crime são identificados. Para tal propósito, uma busca sistemática foi feita em diferentes bancos de dados científicas, uma entrevista semi-estruturada foi feita a pessoas condenadas na Colômbia pelo crime do roubo de veículos automotores e foi contrastada com a evidência empírica obtida em análises diferentes e nos trabalhos do campo feitos pelo OBSER-DIJIN. A teoria da eleição racional e aquela da oportunidade foi usada como o enquadramento teórico para a análise. Como resultado, onze variáveis que intervêm no fenômeno foram identificadas: a) renda, b) tecnologia, c) facilidade do legalização, d) nível organizacional dos delinquentes, e) segurança, f) vigilância informal, g) nós da atividade, h) conduta espacial, i) penalidade, j) transnacionalidade, k) e instrumentalização; finalmente, expõe se uma visão holística criminológica e integradora dos elementos vinculados ao fenômeno, e a sugestão das ações do controle surgidas dos diferentes tipos de análise do crime. Em conclusão se apresentam recomendações que podem ser usadas na política criminal, nos países ou nos territórios com afetação deste tipo de criminalidade.

The variables that should be approached in the study of automobile theft or robbery are identified, as well as the strategies designed to fight against this crime. For such purpose, a systematic search was carried out through different scientific databases; a semi-structured interview was applied with people convicted in Colombia for automobile theft, and it was examined in contrast with the empirical evidence obtained through diverse analysis and field work carried out by the OBSER-DIJIN. The theory of rational choice and opportunity was used as a theoretical framework for the analysis. As a result, eleven variables involved in the occurrence were identified: a) profitability, b) technology, c) easy legalization, d) criminals’ organizational level, e) security, f) informal surveillance, g) activity nodes, h) special conduct, i) penalty, j) trans-nationality, and k) instrumentalization; a holistic criminological vision integrating the elements connected to the occurrence was finally exposed, along with control actions suggested as a result of the multivaried analysis of the crime. The article concludes with recommendations that may be used in criminal police in countries or territories affected with this kind of criminality.

Characteristics of recidivism in patients with mental disorders: 156 cases analysis / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the characteristics of recidivism in patients with mental disorders, including criminology, clinic and guardianship, in order to provide references for preventing recidivism.@*METHODS@#Using the self-designed questionnaire, 156 psychotic patients who had repeated crimes were appraised by West China Forensic Science Center of Sichuan University from 2007 to 2011 and the data were collected and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#In the majority of these cases, patients were male, 26-45 years old, junior high school or below diploma, unmarried, and farmers or jobless. Each patient broke law 3.26 times on average. The main crimes were intentional injury (34.6%) and murder (15.7%). Within 5 years after diagnosis with mental disorder, 56.4% of the patients committed first crime. Within 1 year after the first time breaking the law, 55.8% of them repeated crimes. The diagnoses of schizophrenia (63.5%) were in the majority. The assessment results were mostly irresponsibility (61.5%). Among the patients, 44.9% of them didn't receive treatment while 34.6% of them were out of supervision. After the first crime, 66.1% of them didn't receive criminal prosecution while only 7.1% of them went through the appraisement of forensic psychiatry.@*CONCLUSION@#Most of the patients had low education and low income. Meanwhile, low outpatient rate and pool supervision occurred in this special crowd. A good system for care and treatment of these mental patients should be built to prevent them from recidivism.

High mortality, violence and crime in alcohol dependents: 5 years after seeking treatment in a Brazilian underprivileged suburban community / Alta mortalidade, violência e crime em dependentes de álcool: seguimento após 5 anos de tratamento em periferia brasileira

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the results of alcohol-related consequences in an underprivileged area of São Paulo. METHOD: One hundred and ninety one adult patients who sought alcohol treatment in 2002 were reassessed in 2007 regarding alcohol use and involvement with crime. The interview consisted of demographic questions and questionnaires assessing alcohol dependence and pattern of alcohol use. Risk and protective factors and involvement with crime were further explored. RESULTS High mortality rate (16.9%, n = 41) was found in this sample and 97.4% were identified as being severe alcohol dependents. The sample consisted of a homogeneous group, average age of 42, 81.9% male, 57.5% black, 52.2% unemployed and 100% of low socioeconomic status. Individuals ageing 35 or younger, not engaged in religious activities and with intense alcohol consumption in the last month had 2.7 times more chance on committing crimes (95% CI = [1.22; 5.93] p = 0.014). Subjects who consumed alcohol in the last month also had a 4.1 greater chance of becoming involved in crime (95% CI = [1.2; 14.24] p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Alcohol dependence within an underprivileged community was associated with high rates of crime and mortality. Religious affiliation was negatively associated with delinquent behavior.

OBJETIVO: Explorar as consequências relacionadas ao uso de álcool na periferia de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Pacientes que procuraram tratamento para alcoolismo em 2002 foram convidados para reavaliação em 2007 para estudo de seguimento retrospectivo. A entrevista consistiu de questões sociodemográficas e questionários que avaliaram a dependência alcoólica e o padrão do consumo. Pesquisa adicional sobre fatores de risco e de proteção e envolvimento com crime foi contemplada neste estudo. RESULTADOS: A alta taxa de mortalidade (16,9% n = 41) e a dependência grave de álcool foi confirmada em 97,4% da amostra. O grupo se mostrou homogêneo, média de idade (42 anos), sexo masculino (81,9%), raça negra (57,5%), desempregados (52,2%), proveniente de classe social E e D (100%). Indivíduos com até 35 anos sem afiliação religiosa e tendo consumido muito álcool no ultimo mês apresentaram 2,7 mais chances de cometer crimes (95% IC = [1,22; 5,93] p = 0,014). Indivíduos que consumiram álcool no ultimo mês também tiveram suas chances 4,1 vezes maiores de estarem envolvidos com o crime (95% IC = [1,2; 14,24] p = 0,024). CONCLUSÃO: O consumo alcoólico na periferia foi associado a altas taxas de criminalidade e mortalidade, e a afiliação religiosa foi associada negativamente com comportamento delinquente.

Illicit tobacco trade between the United States and Mexico / El comercio ilícito de tabaco entre los Estados Unidos y México

OBJECTIVE: To provide a brief history of the illicit tobacco trade between Mexico and the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Research included a previously published study: "Cigarette taxes and smuggling: A statistical analysis and historical review", published by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy; US Customs and Border Protection data; various US court documents; General Accountability Office reporting; media reports; other historical material, and a personal interview. RESULTS: The research revealed that there is no credible evidence of organized criminal activity related to the illicit trade in tobacco products from Mexico into the United States. However, there is clear and convincing evidence of organized criminal activity in smuggling tobacco products from the United States into Mexico for at least 167 years. CONCLUSION: Historical records from 1845 into the 21st century clearly demonstrate that the United States was usually the source country for tobacco products moving illegally between the two countries.

OBJETIVO: Describir brevemente la historia del comercio ilícito de tabaco entre Estados Unidos y México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La investigación incluye publicaciones previas, como "Impuestos sobre los cigarrillos y el contrabando: Un análisis histórico y estadístico"; datos de la Agencia de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza; varios documentos de la Corte; los informes de la Oficina General de Rendición de Cuentas de EU; notas de prensa; materiales históricos, y una entrevista personal. RESULTADOS: La investigación reveló que no hay pruebas creíbles de actividad delictiva organizada relacionada con el comercio ilícito de productos de tabaco de México a EU. Sin embargo, hay pruebas claras y convincentes de que esta actividad se ha realizado de EU a México por lo menos durante 167 años. CONCLUSIÓN: Los registros históricos desde el año 1845 claramente demuestran que EU solía ser el país de origen del tabaco ilegal entre los dos países.

Vitimização por violência urbana em uma cidade de médio porte do sul do Brasil / Urban violence victimization in a medium size town in south Brazil

A violência urbana afeta a vida dos indivíduos, tornando-se um problema complexo de saúde e segurança pública. Buscando avaliar a situação de violência em uma cidade de médio porte, realizou-se um estudo transversal, de base populacional, investigando a prevalência de vitimização por violência urbana para furtos, roubos, agressões e furto/roubo à residência nos últimos cinco anos e 12 meses; e o perfil das vítimas e a prevalência de notificação à polícia. Foi construído um escore a fim de medir a vitimização por pelo menos um dos tipos de violência em cada período. Na análise bruta, a associação entre a vitimização por cada tipo de violência e as variáveis independentes foi investigada através do teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e para tendência linear, quando aplicável. A Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada na análise multivariável. Foram entrevistados 2.912 indivíduos (idade > 20 anos), sendo que 16,6 por cento destes sofreram violência no último ano e 28 por cento nos últimos cinco anos. As maiores prevalências de vitimização foram de furto/roubo à residência (9,7 por cento) e furto (6,0 por cento). As principais vítimas de violência urbana foram homens e jovens. Mais da metade dos vitimizados não notificou a ocorrência por não confiar na polícia. Os achados confirmam a importância de pesquisas de vitimização além das metrópoles. As discussões sobre o tema mostram a necessidade de incrementar, executar ou criar políticas públicas de segurança e saúde em distintos contextos nacionais, sem desconsiderar cidades do interior.

Urban violence affects individuals' lives, and therefore it is a complex problem of public health and security. To evaluate the occurrence of violence in a medium size city, a population-based cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate: prevalence of urban violence victimization (theft, robbery, aggression, and burglary) in the period of five years and twelve months before the interview; victims' profile and prevalence of crime reporting. A score was constructed to measure global urban violence victimization, which means at least one type of violence in each period. The Wald test for heterogeneity and linear trend was used in crude analysis, to measure violence victimization and independent variables. Poisson Regression was used in multivariate analysis. The sample included 2.912 individuals (> 20 years of age) and 16.6% of them had experienced urban violence in the past year and 28.0% in the past five years. Prevalence of burglary was 9.7% and theft 6.0% in the past year. Most urban violence victims were men and youth. More than half of the victims had not reported the crime, and the reason for that was distrust in the police. These findings sustain the importance of victimization surveys in smaller cities. The debate about urban violence should include the need to develop, execute or create health and security policies in different contexts, without comprising countryside.

Criminological characteristics of female violent criminal suspects / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study criminological characteristics of female violent criminal suspects who accepted forensic psychiatry assessment.@*METHODS@#Information of the suspects involved in judicial appraisal between 2000 and 2009 were collected and analyzed according to our self-made scale.@*RESULTS@#The age of 259 suspects were between 16 and 81 years old. There were 205 (79.2%) suspects who were younger than 45 years old. There were 225 (86.9%) suspects who were married. There were 14 different appraisal results: schizophrenia 47.1%, without psychosis 15.4%, depression 10.4% and others 27.1%. Irresponsibility involved with 59.5%, partial responsibility 18.5% and full responsibility 22.0%. Murder were 85.7%, arson 10.4%, inflicted injury 1.9% and robbery 1.9%. A total of 191 cases resulted in death, accounting for 82.3% of all cases. In 34.9% of all cases, the victims were male spouse of the suspects. Main weapons used in the crime were cutters and other working related tools (36.3%). There were 66.8% of all cases were with pathological motivation, 29.7% with reality motivation and 3.5% cases were with unknown motivation.@*CONCLUSION@#Female violent suspects in our cases often suffered from various kinds of mental diseases. Their motivations were pathological primarily. Most cases were intentional killing with family members as victim mainly. Major weapons used were daily working related tools.

Mudanças ocorridas na cidade de Uberaba-MG e suas possíveis influências no lazer infantil / Changes at Uberaba city (MG) and their possible influences in childhood leisure

Mudanças no cotidiano reduziram oportunidades para o lazer infantil, sendo necessário verificá-las para levantar subsídios para políticas públicas. Este estudo refere-se à mudanças ocorridas em uma cidade em Minas Gerais, que podem estar ligadas à atividades infantis. Documentos fornecidos por instituições públicas foram analisados bem como respostas de pais de 20 crianças de uma escola privada, escolhidas aleatoriamente. Verificou-se que a população da cidade, bem como o número de carros e crimes aumentou, enquanto que o número de lugares públicos para o lazer permaneceu quase o mesmo. A maior parte do tempo estas crianças brincam dentro das suas próprias casas com atividades de baixo gasto enérgico; elas não têm muitos amigos para brincar. Mudanças na política pública social precisam ser realizadas para que o sistema de urbanização traga mais segurança aos moradores e garanta os direitos de criança ao lazer.

Changes in daily life have reduced child opportunities for leisure and it is necessary to know what has been changed in order to bring subsidies for public policies. This study is concerning with changes in one city from Minas Gerais State ? Br that may be linked with child activities. Documents provided by public institutions were analyzed as well the answers from 20 parents of children who studied in a private school and were randomized chose. It was found that city population, as well the number of cars and crimes had increased while the numbers of public places for leisure remain nearly the same. Most of the time those children has played inside of their own houses, doing activities with few energetic cost; they don?t have many friends to play with. Social public policies need to be developed bringing projects where urbanization system may give more security for the people guaranteeing child?s rights for leisure.

Aspectos legales del uso de drogas ilícitas en México / Aspectos legais do uso de drogas ilícitas no México / Illegal aspects of illicit drugs use in Mexico

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer las opiniones de un grupo de personas sobre aspectos legales en materia de adicción. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal; se aplicó una encuesta estructurada, formada por 4 apartados. Uno de los criterios para participar fue que la persona no consumiera drogas y que conociera a alguien cercano que las consumía. Los datos obtenidos se procesaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS V. 14. Participaron 100 sujetos, en el cual, 75 por ciento eran del género femenino, 38 por ciento tenían una relación de amistad con un usuario de drogas ilícitas, el cual consumía mayoritariamente marihuana y cocaína. Como opinión general, se sugiere que las leyes sean más rigurosas para quienes consumen, venden o transportan drogas. Las leyes actuales no mejoran la conducta criminal de los consumidores. Es importante realizar otros estudios, de opinión sobre este fenómeno, que puedan ofrecer una visión más real del problema de las drogas.

The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to obtain the opinions of a group of people about legal issues regarding addiction. Data collection was performed using a structured questionnaire with four themes. In order to participate, the individual could not use any drugs but should have a close relationship with a drug user. The data was processed using SPSS V. 14. There were 100 participants, 75 percent of whom were women, and 38 percent had a drug user as a friend, mainly cocaine and marijuana users. The participants had one opinion in common: laws should be more severe for people who use, sell, or transport drugs. The current laws do not improve consumers' criminal behavior. There is a need for further studies addressing people's opinion about this phenomenon in order to obtain a more realistic view of this drug issue.

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as opiniões de um grupo de pessoas sobre questões jurídicas no domínio dos vícios. É estudo transversal, descritivo. Para o levantamento, foi utilizado um questionário estruturado com quatro temas. Um dos critérios para a participação era de que a pessoa não usasse drogas e que tivesse alguém próximo que usasse. Os dados foram processados usando SPSS V. 14. Participaram 100 indivíduos, dos quais 75 por cento eram do sexo feminino, 38 por cento tinham relação amigável com um usuário de drogas ilícitas, principalmente consumidores de maconha e cocaína. Como opinião geral sugeriram que as leis deviam ser mais punitivas para aqueles que consomem, vendem ou transportam drogas. As leis vigentes não melhoram o comportamento criminoso dos consumidores. É importante conduzir estudos de opinião sobre o fenômeno para que se possa ter visão mais realista do problema do consumo de droga.